Landlocked: A Boon or Bane for EU Member States’ Agricultural Trade Competitiveness?

Agus Dwi NugrohoAsih KusumaningsihImade Yoga Prasada

DOI 10.7160/aol.2026.180209
No 2/2026, June
pp. 135-145

Nugroho, A. D., Kusumaningsih, A. and Prasada, I. Y. (2026) "Landlocked: A Boon or Bane for EU Member States’ Agricultural Trade Competitiveness?", AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 135-145. ISSN 1804-1930. DOI 10.7160/aol.2026.180209.

Abstract

Some European countries have no sea and are close to other countries' mainlands. Trading agricultural products from different places may be difficult because of this circumstance. This study assesses EU Member States’ agricultural trade competitiveness and the impact of landlocked conditions on that competitiveness. This study analysed 27 EU countries between 2000 and 2022 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage, the Error Correction Model, and Propensity Score Matching. Landlocked conditions reduced the EU Member States' agricultural competitiveness. These findings support Diamond Porter's theory, which holds that any country must have factor conditions to generate advantages. Similarly, the New Trade theory promotes economic scale for all countries, even landlocked ones. Other factors in this study have varying impacts on the agricultural competitiveness of EU Member States.

Keywords

Production, value added, capital, temperature, unemployment, politics.

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